The earliest known hieroglyphic writing also dates to this period. To the ancient Egyptians, the king was a godlike being, closely identified with the all-powerful god Horus. The Archaic Period saw the development of the foundations of Egyptian society, including the all-important ideology of kingship. The capital would grow into a great metropolis that dominated Egyptian society during the Old Kingdom period. King Menes founded the capital of ancient Egypt at White Walls (later known as Memphis), in the north, near the apex of the Nile River delta. A century later, King Menes would subdue the north and unify the country, becoming the first king of the first dynasty. A southern king, Scorpion, made the first attempts to conquer the northern kingdom around 3200 B.C. 5000-3100 B.C.)įew written records or artifacts have been found from the Predynastic Period, which encompassed at least 2,000 years of gradual development of the Egyptian civilization.Īround 3400 B.C., two separate kingdoms were established near the Fertile Crescent, an area home to some of the world’s oldest civilizations: the Red Land to the north, based in the Nile River Delta and extending along the Nile perhaps to Atfih and the White Land in the south, stretching from Atfih to Gebel es-Silsila. The picture that emerges is of a culture with few equals in the beauty of its art, the accomplishment of its architecture or the richness of its religious traditions. The main sources of information about ancient Egypt are the many monuments, objects and artifacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites, covered with hieroglyphs that have only recently been deciphered. From the great pyramids of the Old Kingdom through the military conquests of the New Kingdom, Egypt’s majesty has long entranced archaeologists and historians and created a vibrant field of study all its own: Egyptology. to its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.-ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world. From the Late Period to Alexander’s Conquest (c.664-332 B.C.)įor almost 30 centuries-from its unification around 3100 B.C.Old Kingdom: Age of the Pyramid Builders (c.
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